Periphrasis Definition - Glossary of Rhetorical Terms

Periphrasis Definition - Glossary of Rhetorical Terms In rhetoric  and  prose style, periphrasis is a roundabout way of saying  something:  the use of an unnecessarily lengthy expression in place of one thats more direct and concise. Periphrasis is a  type of  verbosity. Periphrasis (or circumlocution)  is commonly considered a stylistic vice. Adjective: periphrastic. EtymologyFrom the Greek, talking around Examples NBC Sunday Night Football. Two groups of stalwart men will compete for the possession- and conveyance- of a midsize leather ovoid!(What to Watch. Entertainment Weekly, September 6, 2013)The Elongated Yellow FruitOn the late Boston Transcript, a feature writer, with a fondness for using three words where one would do, once referred to bananas as elongated yellow fruit. This periphrasis so fascinated Charles W. Morton . . . that he began collecting examples of Elongated Yellow Fruit writing. Samples:In the New York Herald Tribune a beaver was almost incognito as the furry, paddle-tailed mammal.The Denver Post elongated mustache into under-nose hair crops.To the Associated Press, Florida tangerines were that zipper-skinned fruit.In the Lincoln [Neb.] Sunday Journal-Star a cow did not give milk; the vitamin-laden liquid came from a bovine milk factory. . . .The Boston Americans ski columnist could not decide whether to call snow the elusive white subtance or the heavenly tapioca. And in Travel magazine, skiers slid down the slopes on the beatified barrel staves.(Elongated Fruit. Time, Aug. 10, 1953) Periphrasis in Euphemisms and the Grand Style Periphrasis occurs when a single word is replaced by several others to form a longer phrase that names the same thing: for instance, briny deep for ocean, or the manly art for boxing. . . . Its often used in euphemisms to speak around, and thus spare readers from any distasteful associations the more direct, single-word variant might trigger: little girls room for toilet, or passed on to greener pastures for died. Writers also use periphrasis to elevate their prose, to raise it from the informality of the low and middle styles to the formality of the high one, as in the following example, And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. (King, I Have a Dream) Periphrasis can also lend prose a poetic or even archaic flavor. As Katie Wales notes, periphrasis is at work in the kennings of Old English poetry (swan road for sea, or heath stepper for deer).(Chris Holcomb and M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Performing Prose: The Study and Practice of Style in Composition. Southern Illinois University Press, 2010) Fowler on the Periphrastic Style The periphrastic style is hardly possible on any considerable scale without much use of abstract nouns such as basis, case, character, connexion, dearth, description, duration, framework, lack, nature, reference, regard, respect. The existence of abstract nouns is a proof that abstract thought has occurred; abstract thought is a mark of the civilized man, and so it has come about that periphrasis and civilization are by many held to be inseparable. These good people feel that there is an almost indecent nakedness, a reversion to barbarism, in saying No news is good news instead of The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. Nevertheless, The years penultimate month is not in truth a good way of saying November.Strings of nouns depending on one another and the use of compound prepositions are the most conspicuous symptoms of the periphrastic malady, and writers should be on the watch for these in their own composition.(H.W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, rev. by Ernest Gowers. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1965) Pronunciation: per-IF-fra-sis Also Known As: circumlocution

Difference Between a Chemical Reaction and the Equation

Difference Between a Chemical Reaction and the Equation What is the difference between a chemical reaction and the chemical equation? The terms are often used interchangeably, but they are technically different terms. A chemical reaction is a process that occurs when one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances. For example: Hydrogen and oxygen gas combine to produce water.Sodium chloride (table salt) dissociates in water to form sodium and chlorine ions.Methane combusts in oxygen to form carbon dioxide, heat, and water. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. Atomic symbols are used to represent the elements that take part in a reaction. Numbers are used to represent the ratios of reactants and products to produce the reaction and arrows point the direction a reaction occurs where the arrow points from reactants to products. For example, using for the above chemical reactions: 2 H2(g) O2(g) → 2 H2O(ℓ)This chemical equation reads: Two hydrogen gas molecules and one oxygen gas molecule produce two molecules of water.NaCl(s) H2O → Na(aq) Cl-(aq)One molecule of sodium chloride dissociates in water into one sodium ion and one chlorine ion.CH4 2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O (DeltaH -891 kJ/mol)This equation shows one methane molecule and two oxygen gas molecules form a carbon dioxide molecule, two water molecules and release 891 kilojoules of heat. To review:Chemical reactions are processes where reactants become new products.Chemical equations are a symbolic representation of chemical reactions.